Global cities and survival circuits sassen pdf when today's media policy and economic analyst10/5/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() For instance, under the Japan-Indonesia EPA, the percentage of all items exported from Japan to Indonesia that were duty-free rose from 34% to over 90%, while the percentage of duty-free exported items from Indonesia to Japan was even higher (93%), showing a jump from 71%. Although the healthcare workforce mobility clause was added to the EPAs with Indonesia and Vietnam based on the JP-EPA precedent, there appeared to be an imbalance in terms of the economic benefits gained through pure trade between Japan and the two countries. ![]() For example, Japan was interested in cutting tariffs on high-value-added products such as automobiles through the JP-EPA, while the Filipino side showed reluctance to this idea, instead favouring the liberalisation of workforce mobility (Kaku et al., 2010). The inclusion of healthcare workforce migration in the Japan-Philippines EPA (JP-EPA) was in dispute at the planning stage, because the JP-EPA without this provision might have been too advantageous for Japan, due to differences in export/import volume between Japan and the partner countries and in the economic values of these trade items. ![]()
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